How take-home pay is calculated
- Gross pay per paycheck — salary ÷ pay periods, or hourly rate × hours (overtime at 1.5×).
- Pre-tax deductions — traditional 401(k), HSA and Section 125 health premiums come out first and lower your taxable wages.
- Federal income tax — the IRS Publication 15-T percentage method using your Form W-4.
- FICA — Social Security (6.2% up to the yearly wage base) and Medicare (1.45%, plus 0.9% above $200,000).
- State and local taxes — from nothing in Texas or Florida to income tax plus disability and paid-leave premiums in California or New York City.
- After-tax deductions — Roth 401(k), union dues and similar. What remains is your take-home pay.
Want to go deeper? Each state page explains its own forms and quirks: California, New York, Florida, Virginia, Illinois, Washington and Texas. Paid by the hour? Try the hourly to salary calculator.